Early British railways in Argentina were not ‘British’ alone

They were a joint venture with Argentina, which guaranteed profits and lost its creditworthiness, writes Colin M. Lewi

INDUSTRY AND INDUSTRIALISATION: WHAT HAS BEEN ACCOMPLISHED, WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE

Já se passaram 30 anos desde a publicação do seminal estudo sobre São Paulo de DEAN (1969). Esse trabalho desafiou uma afirmativa chave no paradigma estruturalista que dominava grande parte dos escritos sobre ciências sociais e sobre a história da América Latina. Ele também lançou dúvidas sobre aspectos igualmente centrais da abordagem que viria a se tonar ascendente, a dependentista, uma escola descrita como histórico-estruturalista (FISHLOW, 1988). Para os estudiosos baseados nas tradições cepalina e dependentista inicial, era uma verdade amplamente estabelecida que a industrialização da América Latina foi deflagrada pela crise mundial dos anos 30. O modelo pré-1929 (ou pré-1914) de crescimento liderado pelas exportações era apresentado como frustrando a industrialização ou como sendo contrário ao desenvolvimento (deve ser relembrado que, nesse tempo, a industrialização e o desenvolvimento eram entendidos como virtualmente sendo a mesma coisa). DEAN refutou esta ortodoxia, no mínimo no caso de São Paulo. Ele demonstrou que a atividade no setor manufatureiro era mais dinâmica durante os períodos de flutuações das exportações. Com a derrocada do estruturalismo e da dependência, amplamente preditos por seus críticos, teria a tese de DEAN sobre industrialização finalmente sido reivindicada? Este ensaio examinará como a historiografia sobre a industrialização da América Latina tem evoluído nas últimas três décadas. Ele avaliará os principais rumos das pesquisas, refletindo até onde o caminho aberto por DEAN tem sido seguido por outros. Ele também identificará o que precisa ser feito: quais são os hiatos na literatura, e onde se encontram. Abstract It is now thirty years since the publication of the seminal study on São Paulo by DEAN (1969). That work challenged a key assertion in the prevailing paradigm structuralism then dominating much social science and historical writing on Latin America. It also cast doubt on similarly central aspects of the soon-to-be ascendant dependista approach, a school described as historico-structuralism (FISHLOW, 1988). For scholars rooted in cepalista and early dependency traditions, it was a truth widely-held that Latin American industrialisation was triggered by the world crisis of the 1930s. The pre-1929 (or pre-1914) model of export-led growth was variously presented as frustrating industrialisation or inimical to development. (It must be remembered that, at the time, industrialisation and development were held to be virtually one and the same). DEAN refuted this orthodoxy, at least in the case of São Paulo. He demonstrated that activity in the manufacturing sector was most dynamic during periods of export buoyancy. With the demise of structuralism and dependency widely predicted by their critics, has the DEAN thesis on industrialisation finally been vindicated? This essay will examine how the historiography on modern Latin American industrialisation has evolved over the last three decades. It will appraise the principal directions in research, reflecting on the extent to which the route pioneered by DEAN has been followed by others. It will also identify what needs to be done: where and what are the gaps in the literature

Evidence of Quaternary glaciation in Southern Africa : moraines on the Bastervoetpad of the eastern Cape Drakensberg, South Africa

This volume of Quaternary International comprises the Abstracts from the XVth INQUA Congress held in Durban,South Africa, 3–11 August 1999

Terracettes and active gelifluction terraces in the Drakensberg of the Province of Eastern Cape, South Africa: a process study

Terracettes and turf-banked terraces exist at Tiffindell Ski Resort in the Drakensberg of the Province of the Eastern Cape at altitudes between 2750 m and 2880 m on slopes of between 15°and 26°. Ice lenses and interstitial ice exist within turf-banked terraces in winter. During post-winter thaws, soil moisture reaches saturation in at least the upper part of the regolith in which turf-banked terraces occur. These terraces move downslope under the influence of gelifluction (which is essentially a combination of frost creep and solifluction). Terracettes appear to move as a result of frost creep, processes associated with needle ice, and slope wash. Both turf-banked terraces and terracettes are part of the periglacial environment and are active under present climatic conditions at Tiffindell

Building a flagellum in biological outer space.

Flagella, the rotary propellers on the surface of bacteria, present a paradigm for how cells build and operate complex molecular 'nanomachines'. Flagella grow at a constant rate to extend several times the length of the cell, and this is achieved by thousands of secreted structural subunits transiting through a central channel in the lengthening flagellum to incorporate into the nascent structure at the distant extending tip. A great mystery has been how flagella can assemble far outside the cell where there is no conventional energy supply to fuel their growth. Recent work published by Evans et al. [Nature (2013) 504: 287-290], has gone some way towards solving this puzzle, presenting a simple and elegant transit mechanism in which growth is powered by the subunits them selves as they link head-to-tail in a chain that is pulled through the length of the growing structure to the tip. This new mechanism answers an old question and may have resonance in other assembly processes.This is the published version of the manuscript. It was published in the journal Microbial Cell by Shared Science Publishers OG and can be found here: http://microbialcell.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2014A-Evans-Microbial-Cell.pd

Building a flagellum outside the bacterial cell.

Flagella, the helical propellers that extend from the bacterial surface, are a paradigm for how complex molecular machines can be built outside the living cell. Their assembly requires ordered export of thousands of structural subunits across the cell membrane and this is achieved by a type III export machinery located at the flagellum base, after which subunits transit through a narrow channel at the core of the flagellum to reach the assembly site at the tip of the nascent structure, up to 20μm from the cell surface. Here we review recent findings that provide new insights into flagellar export and assembly, and a new and unanticipated mechanism for constant rate flagellum growth.This is the final published version. It is published by Elsevier and can be found online here: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966842X14001188